Modern literary criticism approaches are theory-oriented actions. They mainly include interdisciplinary THEORIES. The THEORIES and critical approaches can be classified according to some criteria. This analytical-descriptive research aims to collect and evaluate the classification models of literary THEORIES. At first, ‘academic criticism’ was re-identified from ‘journalistic criticism’. Then, it has been shown that according to which indicators literary THEORIES have been classified so far, which of the types are from the other types, and which of the other species is more effective. The findings indicate that in one of the models, the TYPOLOGY of literary THEORIES is based on what questions these THEORIES aim to answer. Another proposed model for the TYPOLOGY of literary THEORIES is Abrams' model. In this model, literary THEORIES depend on four factors of artist, audience, world, and text. They are also divided into four types of simulation THEORIES, pragmatic THEORIES, statistical THEORIES, and objective THEORIES. The most complete model is Jacobsen-Selden and Widdowson's model. In this model, after removing the ‘communication channel’, five factors are effective in the process of literary criticism. The maximum attention to each of these factors differentiates a type of literary criticism approaches from other types: Author-centered literary criticism (romantic literary criticism and psychological criticism), reader-centered literary criticism (phenomenological criticism and perception theory), text-centered literary criticism (Russian formalism and new criticism), subject-centered literary criticism (criticism Marxist and modern historicism), and cryptographic literary criticism (structuralism and post-structuralism).

Revolution theoreticians have declared contending and approximately incompatible THEORIES, caused in bewilderment among concerned field enthusiasts. As a result, some have intended to categorize these THEORIES till reduce bewilderment, and make them easier to study. One of these theoreticians is Jack Goldstone who at first categorized THEORIES of revolution into three generations. But after the beginning of 1990s, he suggests, we are transferring into fourth generation of revolution THEORIES that considering the defects of first three revolution THEORIES in explaining revolutions and has more generality in comparison with previous generations, so can be used as complementary beside three previous generations.

The concept of followership requires the existance of leadership. In another word, these two are correlative. First the subject of followership is new to management literature; second in academic circles of the country it has not received mutch attention. kelly (1988); chalf (1955) were among first who introduced the debates of followership independent of leadership and claimed that leadership can no longer be studied without followers or by giving very little role to them. Therefore the purpose of this research is to study and understand and compare followership models in management fields and organization leadership. More precisely the purpose of this article is to study the dimensions and charactristics of followership in related THEORIES and furthermore to reach to an optimised model and introduced it to organizations managers and leaders and management researchers. In our country little attention is given to followership in management and leadership literatures. The question of this research is whether the same condition prevails elsewhere or not. The results of general review of researcher, on the subject of followership indicated that since past decades till now many researchers have dealt with this subject. Today attention given to followership is not less than leadership. This article has applied paradigm outlook to review THEORIES related to followership and finally by introducing a model of followership; it was analyzed and compared.

This paper analyzes the part of innovations systems studies that focus on cognition of international dimension of such systems. The theoretical and practical studies on innovation system internationalization have increased from last of first decade of 21 century. In this paper 39 scientific articles, published from 1991 to 2017 have investigated, by using qualitative content analysis method. The approach of content analysis was deductive and for structured categorization we use quadruple notions of innovation systems (national, sectoral, sectoral and technological) beside internationalization approaches. After organizing analyzing of collected data we conclude that literature of innovation systems internationalization can divide to 8 different types. Also in recent years, we can see a conversion between different types of internationalization and a prominent example of this conversion is the notion of "global innovation system". The investigated literature about new industrialized countries, as successful samples, indicate this countries for the fulfillment of catchup process, have applied innovation systems attitude along with international involvement and attendance in global innovation networks and global value chains.

Cooperation is an interdisciplinary term in social and biological sciences. Due to the essence of the origin of social sciences, contextual assumptions, the dominant competition-orientated essence of western societies, this term has not received a rightful observation. The complications of social phenomenon in itself and the abovementioned issues have made the definition of cooperation and hence the dualistic classification in all respects difficult.Fortunately, in the last decades, the field works of some Iranian ethnographers and ethnologists have laid the bedrock of fairly accurate and real descriptions. From this standpoint, one can have a critical look at the prevalent classifications.It is concluded that there is a lack of requisite criterion in the current classifications for separating the various kinds of cooperation.

The purpose of this research is to qualitative content analysis of the underlying approaches and THEORIES of dynamic marketing capabilities and provide a comprehensive TYPOLOGY of them. Therefore, by reviewing the articles from foreign databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, as well as domestic databases of the country, using the qualitative content analysis and based on the theoretical sampling method, finally, 61 articles were selected and reviewed in the period from 2000 to 2023. The findings of the present research, while identifying various theoretical approaches and underlying THEORIES related to them, have classified eight identified approaches into three general categories in the following order: the first category (primary approaches), including resource-based and knowledge-based approaches; the second category (intermediate approaches), including micro-foundations, multi-level (hierarchical), and process approaches; and the third category (new approaches), including system approaches, configuration, and capability architecture. The results also showed that by using more integrated approaches such as the systemic approach, hierarchical approach, and capability architecture by future researchers, it is possible to develop more executable frameworks and models in the field of marketing dynamic capabilities by examining the interaction and interweaving of various capabilities at different levels. The results also show that considering the necessity of self-sufficiency in the production of domestic goods and the importance of exporting non-oil products in the country, the approach of dynamic marketing capability provides the possibility for company managers to discover the obvious and hidden needs of customers by absorbing knowledge related to the market and accurate monitoring of environmental opportunities to offer new products and services according to the needs and demands of customers.

This paper studies the viewpoints of four contemporary Iranian philosophers on the origin and trend of the decline of political thought in the recent Iran. Each thinker is considered as a representative of a school: Reza Davari, as an "Identity-based" thinker, formulates the decline based on the "Worldwide Westernization Crisis", while Seyed Javad Tabatabei as a modern thinker theorizes the decline theory based on "The Fall of Philosophy and Conditions of Thought Refuse" especially the refuse of political thought. Abdolkarim Soroush as a modern religious thinker studies the decline of Muslims in general and not Iran in particular, while by a radical Nietzschean criticism on the body of religion, Aramesh doust-dar, contrary to Soroush, believes the "historical dominance of religious thought" on the social life of Iranians is the cause of decline. Apparently, Tabatabaei amongst these theorists gives a more comprehensive version of decline theory and makes it the focus of his research project. However, what is common in these thinkers is their ignorance of the realm of praxis that is the social formulation of idea and cessation of theory in the mind and level of abstraction, in a way that some of the said opinions fail to explain at least the events and trends. This article seeks to explain and evaluate the logic and mechanism of these four THEORIES by answering the following question: In what area lies the core density or the driving force for thought refuse. In other words, what are the conditions to establish and extend the nature of thought that is lost in the contemporary Iran? The research method in this paper is the interpretation of the text as well as evaluation of the interpretation validity through deep dialogue with political thinkers including some of the said four thinkers.

As pervasive institutions, legislatures have various types of functions. One of the most important functions of the legislatures is policy making power. Policy making power of the legislatures can be evaluated through combination of normative and descriptive- analytic methods and by analyzing the external variables (constitution, political parties and interest groups) and internal factors (parliamentary committees, parliamentary parties and financial resources and staff). In this paper main typologies of the policy making power of the legislatures, provided by Polsby, Blondel and Mezey are discussed. Polsby categorizes legislatures into parliament with power to transform bills from whatever resources into law and those with capacity to influence the bills partly. In his TYPOLOGY of legislatures, power of the policy making capacity of the parliament mostly depend on the external variables. Blondel proposes a spectrum of legislatures' impact, ranging from complaint parliaments in one hand and free legislatures on the other, according to the viscosity level of the policy making process. Final TYPOLOGY which reviewed in this paper is introduced by Mezey through analyzing the policy making power of the legislatures and the level of the public and elites' support. Therefore, he classified legislatures into five types: 1. active, 2. reactive, 3. vulnerable, 4. marginal and 5. minimal legislatures.

The post-WWII diversity of THEORIES of political development particularly in the scientific and research institutes in the Western countries has enriched the literature of this political concept on the one hand, and added to its ambiguities on the other. New studies related to political development face dispersion due to the overwhelming volume of previous studies and therefore researchers have no option but to select some of the THEORIES. This article provides a diverse collection of THEORIES, created based on subjective modeling, in a graph with focus on community-based and government-oriented THEORIES as the main categories of THEORIES of political sociology in order to present diversity and proliferation in these THEORIES.Community-based THEORIES suggest bottom-to-top model for political development, which will take shape in a civil society, but government-oriented THEORIES suggest top-to-bottom model for political development, based on a legitimate and powerful government. Choosing one of these models depends on the unique features of the community and government in different societies.

The philosophy behind this article is that the international concerns regarding the positive and negative effects of globalization are increasing, particularly for the national development and localization .The appropriate management of the issues relating to the globalization and localizing the education for decreasing the problems and increasing the benefits for local community inevitably is a key subject in the educational development, specifically in the developing countries. The purpose of this article is describing the concept of globalization of the educational curriculum and syllabus and yet staying localized. This is analyzed through the research method of descriptive-comparative of and the TYPOLOGY of multiple THEORIES of curriculum, and an educational pattern will be offered for curriculum and syllabus in Iran. The THEORIES of Tree, Crystal, DNA cage, Fungus and Ameba ( 2005) emphasize the global dependence and local biases. This TYPOLOGY can offer a range of recommendations for educational philosophers, curriculum developers, educationalists, and teachers in order to regulate new educational strategies for territorial, local, national, zonal, and continental educational development. Also, the educationalists would learn how to shift from the Cage pattern to Crystal or DNA pattern, and how to organize national and local, personal and institutional learning in line with developing critical thinking, mental clarity, and opportunist knowledge through eliminating traditional methods and replacing them with virtual methods, Information and Communication Technology and etc. We hope that the THEORIES and ideas offered in the present article have some benefits for national and international efforts to globalize education in favor of future generations in the new millennia.